Luminescence:  Process by which an excited material emits light in a process not caused solely by a rise in temperature.  (from Britannica.com)
The excitation is usually achieved with ultraviolet radiation, X rays, electrons, alpha particles, electric fields, or chemical energy. The colour, or wavelength, of the light emitted is determined by the material, while the intensity depends on both the material and the input energy. Examples of luminescence include light emissions from neon lamps, luminescent watch dials, television and computer screens, fluorescent lamps, and fireflies


Fluorescence: Emission of electromagnetic radiation, usually visible light, caused by excitation of atoms in a material, which then reemit almost immediately (within about 10⁻⁸ seconds). The initial excitation is usually caused by absorption of energy from incident radiation or particles, such as X-rays or electrons  (from Britannica.com)


Incandescence: Is light form heat energy (standard Light bulbs)

Laser: ( from spectroscopy (science): Laser sources )

...(light of essentially one “colour”—i.e., composed of a very narrow range of frequencies). As the light is tuned across the frequency range of interest and the absorption or fluorescence is recorded, extremely narrow spectral features can be measured. Modern tunable lasers can easily resolve spectral features less than 106 hertz wide, while the...   (from Britannica.com)

Phosphorescence (from math.ucr.edu)

First, let's distinguish phosphorescence from fluorescence. A fluorescent paint glows under a UV lamp, but stops glowing as soon as the lamp is turned off. A phosphorescent paint keeps glowing for a while.

Phosphorescent substances have the ability to store up light and release it gradually. The notion of a metastable state explains this. If the molecules of the substance can get from the ground state to a metastable state, and if the metastable state can slowly decay back to the ground state via photon emission, then we have phosphorescence.